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被套細胞淋巴癌

Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL)

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什麼是「被套細胞淋巴」?

1,2

MCL是一種罕見而具侵略性的B細胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤,主要影響人體的淋巴系統。

這種癌症始於淋巴結的「外套區」(mantle zone),該區是一圈由B淋巴細胞組成的細胞層,包圍著淋巴結的中心。B淋巴細胞是免疫系統白血球的一種,負責對抗如細菌和病毒等病原體。
MCL的發病原因通常是因為染色體發生異常轉位,導致週期蛋白D1過度表達。當細胞內的週期蛋白D1過多時,就會令細胞失去控制,持續分裂,最終形成腫瘤並擴散。
當疾病進入晚期,骨髓、脾臟、血液,甚至腸胃道等都會受影響,干擾正常造血功能及免疫系統運作,因而出現以下情況:
 
  • 血球減少(例如紅血球、白血球或血小板變少)
  • 器官腫大(如脾臟或肝臟變大)
  • 腸胃道症狀(如腹痛、腹瀉等)

MCL大約佔所有非霍奇金淋巴瘤的5%,其發病率隨年齡增長而
上升,年長男性是主要高危群組。
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常見症狀

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當腫瘤細胞入侵骨髓時,可能導致:
 
  • 貧血(臨床表現為疲倦、氣促)
  • 血小板減少(臨床表現為容易瘀傷或出血)
     
由於MCL及其治療會明顯著削弱免疫系統,因此患者的感染風險較高。有研究顯示,約有三分之二的患者在確診後的第一年內,至少經歷過一次嚴重感染。
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​風險因素

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年齡、性別、家族病史和種族是MCL的風險因素
根據研究統計,患者確診時的年齡中位數大約是60至70歲。60歲後,發病機會會明顯增加。60歲以下的患者較為少見,因此流行病學年齡是MCL主要的風險因素。
​診斷中位年齡:

60-70歲

根據全球多項研究,MCL在亞洲國家的發病率普遍低於西方國家。即使單獨比較不同族裔數據,亞洲人的發病率亦明顯低於西方人。
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MCL的患者男女比例大約是3:1。根據2022年的研究,約有70%的新確診病例為男性。這種男性別較多的情況在西方及亞洲人群中都是一樣。醫學界認為,此或與荷爾蒙或其他生物學因素有關。

​男性

3 : 1

​女性

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家族病史如有家族成員曾患血液惡性腫瘤,患上MCL的風險會增加2倍。

2倍

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致病成因

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基因突變
如很多其他癌症一樣,MCL的發病與特定基因轉變有關。在MCL中,第11對與第14對染色體的一部分交換位置,這種變異被稱為 t(11;14),會令到週期蛋白D1過度表達。週期蛋白D1過多便會淋巴細胞出現異常及快速增長,最終形成腫瘤。
 
大約90%的MCL患者都有 t(11;14)基因突變,亦有少數患者沒有此突變。至於MCL屬於哪一種類型或亞型,需視乎有沒有其他的基因突變。
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診斷方法

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要確定是否患上MCL,醫生通常會安排以下幾種檢查。這些檢查有助找出病因,讓醫生盡快制定合適的治療方案。

醫生會輕輕按壓頸部、腋下及腹股溝(大腿根部),檢查有沒有淋巴結腫大。
同時亦會檢查肝臟及脾臟有沒有腫大。
如果發現異常,就會進一步安排其他檢查。

主要治療方法

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治療方案會因患者的年齡、整體健康狀況、疾病階段(早期或晚期)、是否有高風險特徵(如TP53基因異常)而有所不同。醫生會根據個別情況,選擇最適合的治療組合。治療目標是控制病情、延長存活期,並盡量維持生活質素。

這是最常見的基礎治療方式,通常會合併使用兩類藥物:

  • 單克隆抗體(最常用的是抗CD20抗體)

這種抗體會精準標記癌細胞表面的一種蛋白(CD20),讓身體的免疫系統更容易認出並
攻擊、殺死這些癌細胞。

  • 烷化劑 (Alkylating Agents)

這些藥物會直接損傷癌細胞的DNA,讓DNA無法正常複製或傳遞指令,
阻止癌細胞繼續分裂生長,最終令它們死亡。

透過這兩類藥物聯合使用,盡量讓病情進入「緩解」(Remission)狀態。

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MCL常見治療類型的副作用概覽

每種治療或藥物都有可能帶來副作用.雖然治療越來越精準且有效,但仍可能影響正常細胞或身體機能,所以要認識多點,當出現任何不適時可以盡早向醫護報告反映,讓副作用得到及時處理。

常見副作用:疲倦、嘔吐、腹瀉、頭痛、皮疹、白血球下降、
貧血、血小板減少、脫髮。
副作用大多數都是短暫,患者在治療結束後會逐漸恢復。

2023年共有1,245宗新確診NHL病例(男女合計),佔全港新發癌症病例約3.3%,屬於相對較小的比例。
  • 粗發病率為每10萬人口中有16.5宗個案。
  • 確診中位年齡為67歲。
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